Verified — real FDD extraction
Not found in the SBA Franchise Directory under this name — though SBA loans to its franchisees exist; verify eligibility with your lender
MCDONALD'S
Food & Dining · independent · est. —
McDonald's is the world's largest fast-food hamburger chain, serving burgers, fries, chicken, breakfast items, and beverages. Service is through counters, drive-throughs, kiosks, and delivery. A franchisee operates one or more restaurants, managing staff, food production, and high-volume daily operations under McDonald's standards.
MCDONALD'S net unit count grew +0.2% from 2021–2023 per its FDD Item 20.
New to franchising? Start here
A franchise is a business where you (the franchisee) pay a company (the franchisor) for the right to open and run a location using their brand and system — think a local Anytime Fitness or Taco John's owned by a small-business owner, not the corporation.
Before you can buy in, U.S. law requires the franchisor to give you a Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) — a long legal filing covering its fees, finances, and history. The numbers on this page come straight from that document:
- Franchise fee — the one-time cost to buy in.
- Royalty — the ongoing cut of your sales you pay the franchisor.
- Item 20 — how many locations opened and closed, the basis for our verdict (from Proven & strong down to Distressed — or Too new to judge).
The verdict
Proven & strong
Distress
Enough units and history to judge, and the record is good: growing or stable units with clean exits by the standards of its disclosed record. The standout in the record: owners who leave mostly sell rather than fail.
Exit rate · latest year
0.8%
vs 8.2% across 146 food & dining systems
Cost to open
$1.5M–$2.6M
Item 7 total investment range
SBA loan defaults
12.1%
vs 14.8% avg across rated brands
Market density · Michigan
Typical density
-8% thinner than the national average
Behind the verdict
the record, factor by factor · Item 20
3-yr trend · Item 20 Table 1
terminations + ceased-ops vs. all exits · Table 3
transfers vs. base · Table 3
actual vs. projected openings · Table 5
Item 19 disclosure + completeness
Systemwide units
2021–2023
Survival record
FDD Item 20 · outlet status by year
In fiscal 2023, 107 of 12,764 franchised outlets left the system — a 0.8% annualized exit rate, vs 8.2% across 146 food & dining systems. Not every exit is a failure — but this is the measurable floor.
Show the outlet tables ↓Hide the evidence ↑
| Status (FTC) | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outlets at start | 13,679 | 13,436 | 13,455 |
| Opened | 101 | 84 | 128 |
| Transfers | 1,758 | 1,169 | 672 |
| Terminations | 10 | 30 | 73 |
| Non-renewals | 300 | 18 | 33 |
| Reacquired by franchisor | 37 | 47 | 13 |
| Ceased — other reasons | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Outlets at end | 13,436 | 13,455 | 13,457 |
| Net change | -243 | +19 | +2 |
The lender's view
SBA 7(a)/504 loan performance · FY1991–present
Banks have made 44 SBA-backed loans to MCDONALD'S franchisees since 1991. Of the 33 that have resolved, 12.1% were charged off (defaulted) rather than paid in full, versus 14.8% across 570 rated brands.
12.1%
4 of 33 resolved defaulted
63.3%
avg. charged-off $ ÷ approved $
7.7%
default rate × loss severity
$2,378,608
what recent franchisees borrowed
42 mo
approval → charge-off, defaulted loans
—
distinct banks lending
Charge-off rate by loan approval year (%)
Loan performance by state
SOURCE: SBA 7(a)/504 FOIA LOAN DATA (DATA.SBA.GOV), FY1991–PRESENT · MATCHED TO MCDONALD'S BY FRANCHISE NAME · RESOLVED = CHARGED-OFF + PAID-IN-FULL
The owner's side of the deal
FDD × federal loan record
Who finances it
Bank of America, National Association
10.0% of this brand's loans
That lender charges off 13.0% of its loans to other franchise brands, vs 14.8% nationally.
Who buys it
Too few identified operators
Does experience help here?
Not enough resolved loans to split
Computed from 44 SBA 7(a)/504 loans to MCDONALD'S franchisees joined to the brand's own FDD. Debt service assumes level amortization at the average disclosed term and rate. A lender's rate excludes its loans to this brand, so it reads the lender, not the brand.
What it costs — and what it drags
FDD Items 5–7 · fees, investment, royalty
Buying in means a $45K franchise fee (Item 5) and a total investment of $1.5M–$2.6M (Item 7). The franchisor publishes an earnings claim (Item 19) — read its methodology closely.
To open (Item 7)
$1.5M–$2.6M
all-in investment range
Franchise fee (Item 5)
$45K
upfront, one-time
Royalty (Item 6)
5%
of sales, ongoing
Your figure — cross-check against this brand's Item 19 and current-owner validation.
Royalty you'd pay / yr
$50K
5% of sales, before profit
Over a 10-yr term
$500K
royalties alone, excl. ad fund
This is not profit. It's the only money the FDD actually pins down — what you put in, and the royalty you owe on every dollar of sales. Your real take-home depends on labor, rent, food cost, and ramp-to-breakeven, none of which any FDD discloses.
Build a real pro-forma for MCDONALD'S with an independent CPALabor record
US Dept. of Labor enforcement · franchisee-level · FY2005–present
Federal investigators have concluded 998 wage cases against operators of this system, recovering $3.2M in back wages for 17,916 workers, including 433 child-labor cases. Some of these cases are recent, not ancient history. These cases name franchisee-owned locations, not the franchisor itself.
Concluded cases
998
Back wages owed
$3.2M
Employees affected
17,916
Since 2020
149
433 of these cases involved child-labor violations, covering 5,975 minors across the system's franchised locations.
Read this carefully. The employers in these cases are individual MCDONALD'S franchisees — separately owned businesses operating under the brand name — not MCDONALD'S itself. The franchisor is not the respondent and in most cases is not a party. What the record shows is how this system's operators run their payrolls, which is worth knowing before you become one of them. Counts rise with system size and with age: a 20-year-old, 10,000-unit system will out-count a young one regardless of conduct. Source: DOL Wage and Hour Division concluded compliance actions, FY2005–present, most recent finding 2025.
Modeled risk
FDD Risk Score · modeled from the public record
Modeled from the public record, this brand looks safer than 96% of systems we score.
Risk percentile
4 / 100
Loan-corroborated
Modeled SBA charge-off
5.9%
Observed SBA charge-off
12.1%
Top drivers: System size (log units) (lowers) · Investment ceiling (log) (lowers) · Single-lender dependence (raises) · Item 20 exit rate (lowers). 15+ resolved loans stand behind this estimate. A linear scorecard built from this brand's own disclosure figures plus the federal loan record behind its franchisees; full spec and cross-validated accuracy on the methodology page. A score is context, not a verdict.
Distress signals
news-sourced · bankruptcies, closures, lawsuits
McDonald's didn't lose lawsuit against chef Jamie Oliver over 'toxic' food claims
news:Snopes · 2mo ago
WARN notice: McDonald's Corporation, 2 employees, Closure, Los Angeles County, CA
CA EDD WARN · 2mo ago
Class action lawsuit filed over worms in McDonald's sodas
news:WISN · 3mo ago
Franchise litigation docket: McDonald v. Katz (District Court, E.D. Virginia)
CourtListener/RECAP · 4mo ago
Franchise litigation docket: Abney v. McDonald's Corporation (District Court, E.D. Michigan)
CourtListener/RECAP · 4mo ago
CourtListener/RECAP · 5mo ago
Franchise litigation docket: Le v. McDonald's Corporation (District Court, N.D. Illinois)
CourtListener/RECAP · 8mo ago
Franchise litigation docket: AEI Drawback Services Inc. v. McDonald (District Court, S.D. Texas)
CourtListener/RECAP · 10mo ago
10 questions to ask a MCDONALD'S franchisee
Built from this brand's own disclosures · take it to your validation calls
The franchisor will give you a list of owners to call. Most buyers ask whether they like it. These are the questions built from what MCDONALD'S has actually disclosed — each one carries the number it came from, so you can tell whether the answer squares with the record.
- 01
MCDONALD'S’ own Item 20 shows 107 of 12,764 franchised outlets left the system in fiscal 2023 — about 0.8%. Do you know any of those owners, and do you know why they left?
A franchisor will call these “transitions.” An owner three doors down usually knows whether they sold at a profit or handed the keys back.
FDD Item 20 · FY2023
- 02
672 units transferred to new owners in fiscal 2023. When you look at those, were they people cashing out a good business — or getting out of a bad one?
Transfers count as neutral in every ranking. They are the single easiest place to hide distress.
FDD Item 20 · FY2023
- 03
Of 33 SBA loans to MCDONALD'S franchisees that have finished, 12.1% were charged off — the borrower didn't repay. Did you finance with an SBA loan, and how close did your first two years come to trouble?
This is the lender's view of failure, from public federal records, and it is independent of anything the franchisor discloses.
SBA 7(a)/504 loan record, FY1991–present
- 04
Item 7 says the low end to open is $1.5M, but the average recent SBA loan to a MCDONALD'S franchisee was $2.4M. What did you actually spend to open, all in?
Lenders size loans to real project costs. A large gap between the disclosed floor and what banks actually fund is the most common way buyers get underfunded.
FDD Item 7 vs SBA approvals FY2020+
- 05
You pay 5.0% royalty on gross sales, plus the ad fund, before any of your own costs. On your actual revenue last year, what did you take home as the owner — not revenue, take-home?
Royalty is charged on sales, not profit. This is the number the brochure never shows and the one your life actually runs on.
FDD Item 6
- 06
MCDONALD'S makes an earnings claim in Item 19. Does your unit look like that number — and do you know which units they included to build it?
Item 19 is legal to build from a flattering subset. Ask whether they excluded new units, closed units, or company stores.
FDD Item 19 · 2024
- 07
How many months did it take to cover your own costs, and how much cash did you burn getting there?
Ramp-to-breakeven working capital is the most underestimated line in any franchise purchase, and the most common reason otherwise-good units fail.
Not disclosed in any FDD — ask an owner
- 08
What does the franchisor charge for that you didn't expect — required tech fees, mandatory remodels, approved-supplier pricing?
Required spending appears across Items 6, 8 and 11 rather than in one place, so buyers routinely miss the total.
FDD Items 6, 8, 11
- 09
If your agreement came up for renewal tomorrow at current terms, would you sign again?
The single most predictive question you can ask. A hesitation is the answer.
Ask every owner you speak to
- 10
Who else should I call — including someone who left?
The franchisor's list is curated by definition. Former franchisees are where the unflattering truth lives, and current owners usually know how to reach them.
Ask every owner you speak to
Want this as a checklist you can take to the calls?
I'll email you the printable version, and tell you if MCDONALD'S’ numbers move — a new filing, a rising exit rate, a distress signal. Unsubscribe in one click.
A broker is paid by the franchisor to place you. I'm paid by you — and the job is pressure-testing MCDONALD'S's numbers, including talking you out of a bad deal.
This page is what buyers see before they call you for validation. If the record above is wrong — or right in a way the numbers can't show — say so. Corrections are checked against the filings; nothing you write is published with your name unless you agree to it.
MCDONALD'S franchise questions, answered from the filings
What percentage of MCDONALD'S franchises closed last year?
In MCDONALD'S's latest FDD Item 20 (fiscal 2023), 107 of 12,764 franchised outlets left the system — an annualized exit rate of 0.8% — compared with 8.2% across 146 food & dining systems tracked here. That counts terminations, non-renewals, and "ceased operations — other reasons." There is no official failure rate, and not every exit is a failure, but this is the measurable floor.
How much does a MCDONALD'S franchise cost?
Per MCDONALD'S's 2024 FDD, buying in requires an initial franchise fee of $45K (Item 5) and a total initial investment of $1.5M–$2.6M (Item 7).
What royalty does MCDONALD'S charge?
MCDONALD'S charges an ongoing royalty of 5.0% of gross sales, per Item 6 of its 2024 FDD.
Does MCDONALD'S disclose earnings (Item 19)?
Yes — MCDONALD'S makes a financial performance representation in Item 19 of its 2024 FDD. Read it closely: franchisors choose which units and which metrics to include.
How often do SBA loans for MCDONALD'S franchises default?
Across 44 SBA-backed loans to MCDONALD'S franchisees since 1991, 4 of the 33 that have resolved were charged off — a 12.1% default rate, versus about 14.8% across all rated franchise brands. This is the lender's-eye view of franchisee failure, drawn from public SBA 7(a)/504 FOIA data and independent of the franchisor's own disclosures.